Over-counter nasal sprays could keep colds and flu at bay, study finds

Nasal sprays available over-the counter could keep upper respiratory tract infections like colds, chest infections, and flu at bay, a new study has found.

Research, which analysed data from nearly 14,000 adults, found overall they prevented full-blown symptoms from developing and reduced the days of illness by around 20 per cent.

They also limited the number of days with severe symptoms, time off work or normal activities, and antibiotic use.

The study, published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine , was led by experts from the University of Southampton, in collaboration with the University of Bristol, and funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR).

Professor in Primary Care Research Paul Little , from the University of Southampton, led the trial.

He said: “Our results show nasal sprays work well to reduce the duration and severity of respiratory infections, and the interference with normal activities, which is particularly important in light of the winter infection surge the UK regularly experiences.

“The important finding of a reduction in the use of antibiotics is also potentially very  important in the fight against antibiotic resistance, one of the major public health threats of our time.

“Given these results, our advice, particularly for those at higher risk from infections or those who get recurrent infections, is at the first sign of cough, sore throat, cold or flu like symptoms, use a nasal spray to prevent it from developing fully, and to use the sprays preventatively after close exposure to people with infections.”

There is some recent evidence that using nasal sprays to wash out virus from the nose and throat, or improving immune function through increasing exercise and managing stress, could reduce the frequency and severity of respiratory infections.

Researchers undertook a large-scale randomised trial to compare the effectiveness of two different types of nasal spray and an online resource providing advice on physical activity and stress management.

They recruited 13,799 adult patients from 332 GP practices.

All patients had an existing health problem or risk factor for infection, and/or recurrent respiratory infections in the past.

Lucy Yardley OBE , Professor of Health Psychology at the Universities of Bristol and Southampton, led the nasal spray part of the study.

She added: “Our analysis suggests that the benefits were even greater when people used the sprays more often - we advised six times a day at the first sign of a cold - but many people in the study did not use the spray that often.”

Patients in the trial were randomised to receive one of three interventions - these were:

• Vicks-First-Defence gel-based nasal spray – which uses a microgel to trap viruses, and neutralises the viruses in the nose helping to prevent the virus from developing and spreading;
• a saline liquid-based nasal spray - which reduces levels of virus in the nasopharynx;
• or an online resource promoting physical activity and stress management.

All three interventions reduced antibiotic use, a relative risk reduction of more than 25 per cent, and also the number of days with more severe symptoms.

Even though participants did not use the sprays  as often as they were asked to, both sprays were shown to reduce the overall illness duration participants experienced by around 20 per cent.

This resulted in a 20 to 30 per cent reduction in the days lost of work or normal activity.

In comparison, the behavioural physical activity and stress management online advice reduced the incidence of infections by a modest five per cent relative reduction.

However, this cost-effective option could have a significant impact in population terms given how easy it is to provide online advice to the general public.

Dr Adam Geraghty , Associate Professor of Psychology and Behavioural Medicine at the University of Southampton, led the exercise and stress reduction part and co-led the study.

He explained: “If widely used these interventions could potentially have a valuable role for reducing antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance, and in reducing the impact of respiratory viruses for patients, the health service and the wider economy.”

The study was funded by the NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Research (RP-PG-0218-20005) with support from NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Behavioural Science and Evaluation and NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West (ARC West) .