New research puts copper at the forefront of the fight against Clostridium difficile

The team, led by Professor Bill Keevil of the School of Biological Sciences, showed that C. difficile microbes placed on copper alloy surfaces died within one or two days. On a stainless steel surface, the bacteria were still alive after a week. The research findings are published in the Journal of Hospital Infection in February 2008.

C. difficile forms spores which are resistant to a range of disinfectants, including alcohol gel, which is recommended for routine use in hospitals. These spores can live in the environment for a long time and are rapidly becoming a major cause of hospital acquired infections.

Latest figures from the Health Protection Agency show an alarming 72 per cent increase in deaths from C. difficile. The numbers have risen from 3,757 in 2005 to 6,480 in 2006.

The Southampton research team has already shown how effective copper can be in combating the MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureaus) hospital bug. Exceptionally high levels of MRSA microbes were eliminated within 90 minutes of contact with a copper surface. In the same tests, the bacteria remain alive on stainless steel surfaces for up to three days.

Lead researcher Professor Keevil says the new findings are particularly significant:

"We've already shown that copper surfaces can inactivate MRSA microbes. The fact that we've now established that copper also inactivates C. difficile spores, which are resistant to standard cleaning regimes, doubles our conviction that copper can play a significant role in helping hospitals to fight against infections."

In the light of the research, Selly Oak Hospital in Birmingham has already begun a trial to demonstrate copper's antimicrobial properties in a clinical setting. Frequently-touched surfaces, such as door handles, grab rails, bathroom taps and light switches, have all been replaced with copper alloys in one ward.

Professor Tom Elliott, University Hospital Birmingham Deputy Medical Director and leader of the Selly Oak copper clinical trial, believes copper could play a key role in the future to help contain hospital-acquired infections.

"Laboratory research has shown that MRSA and Clostridium difficile microbes die much more quickly when they come into contact with copper-based surfaces than on the usual surfaces you find in a hospital. It is an exciting development and, if the trial proves successful in a clinical setting, could provide the NHS Foundation Trust with yet another means of tackling the spread of health care-associated infections."

The Southampton research provided the foundation for a year-long programme of testing, under the United States Environmental Protection Agency-approved protocols, on 3,000 samples of five different copper alloys in independent laboratories in the US. This has very recently led the US Environmental Protection Agency to officially register copper as an antimicrobial agent. Copper is the first and only solid material to ever be registered by the EPA as antimicrobial. Now, for the first time, products made from copper alloy can be marketed in the US making public health claims.

The study was supported by the Copper Development Association, New York, with assistance from the International Copper Association, Ltd. New York.