The physical nature of large interconnected systems.
- The evolution of electrical power systems, the integration and interconnection of the transmission system, the various voltage and current levels.
Introduction to power system analysis.
- Balanced three-phase systems, phasors, calculations in the phasor domain, equivalent line-to-neutral diagrams, complex impedance, star-delta transformation, real, reactive, apparent and complex power, power factor, power in single-phase circuits, power in three-phase circuits.
Relationship between voltage reactive power, power and transmission angle.
- Importers and exporters or positive and negative VArs, power flow between active and passive units, derivation of transmission equation.
Representation of parameters of rotating machines, transformers, lines, cables, switchgear and loads.
- Equivalent circuits, their simplification and justification but also limitations on use, system representation for various conditions.
Per unit system and symmetrical components.
- Review of per unit system and its use, the choice of base quantities for per unit calculations, review of symmetrical component theory and derivation, both graphical and matrix.
Solution of systems with balanced and unbalanced faults.
- Simple fault analysis of single line to ground, double line to ground, line to line and three phase to ground with fault impedances, all using sequence diagrams; the introduction to transformer connections into fault calculations; basic three phase short circuit on a machine; brief review of sub-transient, transient and synchronous reactance and their physical origins; brief introduction to how computer methods are applied.
Control of power and frequency in interconnected systems.
- Governor characteristic and equations; calculation of power sharing; normal methods of frequency control.
Control of voltage and VAr flows.
- AVR response and VAr generation, static VAr compensators, injection of reactive power, tap-changing transformers; power factor correction, calculation of voltage profile and effect on VAr flow.
Stability.
- Definition, types of stability studies, automatic control of synchronous generators, limitation of magnitude of power transmittable, steady state stability, transient stability, swing equation, equal area criterion, effects of type of fault on stability, multi-machine studies, methods for improving.