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The course seeks to provide an overview of the evolution of the European Union (EU) from its early stages to the present. In so doing, it examines the ideas and history of the EU, the institutions of the EU, examples of specific issue areas and the present and future challenges facing the Union. By the end of the course students should have a broad knowledge of the EU, encompassing these various dimensions. They should be able to critically reflect on the various debates, critique the established literature and present their own reasoned arguments.

The course seeks to provide an overview of the evolution of the European Union (EU) from its early stages to the present. In so doing, it examines the ideas and history of the EU, the institutions of the EU, examples of specific issue areas and the present and future challenges facing the Union. By the end of the course students should have a broad knowledge of the EU, encompassing these various dimensions. They should be able to critically reflect on the various debates, critique the established literature and present their own reasoned arguments.

Earth’s environment has undergone dramatic changes over geological time, shaped by interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and solid Earth. This module explores the key events in Earth’s evolution, from planetary formation to modern climate dynamics, using both geological evidence and numerical modelling. Students will develop practical skills in Earth system modelling through hands-on practical sessions. A central component of the module is an independent research project, where students will apply modelling and data analysis techniques to investigate major transitions in Earth history. The course is designed to provide an interdisciplinary perspective, relevant to students with a range of Earth and ocean science backgrounds.

Earth’s environment has undergone dramatic changes over geological time, shaped by interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and solid Earth. This module explores the key events in Earth’s evolution, from planetary formation to modern climate dynamics, using both geological evidence and numerical modelling. Students will develop practical skills in Earth system modelling through hands-on practical sessions. A central component of the module is an independent research project, where students will apply modelling and data analysis techniques to investigate major transitions in Earth history. The course is designed to provide an interdisciplinary perspective, relevant to students with a range of Earth and ocean science backgrounds.

Earth’s environment has undergone dramatic changes over geological time, shaped by interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and solid Earth. This module explores the key events in Earth’s evolution, from planetary formation to modern climate dynamics, using both geological evidence and numerical modelling. Students will develop practical skills in Earth system modelling through hands-on practical sessions. A central component of the module is an independent research project, where students will apply modelling and data analysis techniques to investigate major transitions in Earth history. The course is designed to provide an interdisciplinary perspective, relevant to students with a range of Earth and ocean science backgrounds.

At the outset of the nineteenth century the Russian Empire appeared to be at the zenith of its power. Hundred years later, the autocracy had collapsed, overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the 1917 revolutions. The emergence of new ideas and movements in Russia during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, from both the left and the right, posed new challenges to the tsarist state. This module will trace the changes that led to the collapse of the tsarist autocracy, and why the tsarist state proved unable to respond effectively to the transformation in the Russian empire.

The module will consider the rise of radicalism from both left and right and the problems this posed for the longevity of tsarism. Both had important implications for the long-term sustainability of the Russian autocracy. It will explore wider social change amongst key estates like workers, peasants, and men and women. It will consider how non-Russians lived in the empire. The module will use a broad source base, considering a variety of different sources, including novels and memoirs as well as police reports and other official documents. By the end of this module, you should have a firm understanding of the processes that shaped the development of the Russian state in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and, particularly, the events that would lead to the fall of the autocracy in 1917.

At the outset of the nineteenth century the Russian Empire appeared to be at the zenith of its power. Hundred years later, the autocracy had collapsed, overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the 1917 revolutions. The emergence of new ideas and movements in Russia during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, from both the left and the right, posed new challenges to the tsarist state. This module will trace the changes that led to the collapse of the tsarist autocracy, and why the tsarist state proved unable to respond effectively to the transformation in the Russian empire.

The module will consider the rise of radicalism from both left and right and the problems this posed for the longevity of tsarism. Both had important implications for the long-term sustainability of the Russian autocracy. It will explore wider social change amongst key estates like workers, peasants, and men and women. It will consider how non-Russians lived in the empire. The module will use a broad source base, considering a variety of different sources, including novels and memoirs as well as police reports and other official documents. By the end of this module, you should have a firm understanding of the processes that shaped the development of the Russian state in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and, particularly, the events that would lead to the fall of the autocracy in 1917.

By the middle of the eleventh century, the various nations of the British Isles were characterised by quite distinct cultures and political and economic systems and elites. Yet the relationships between the various nations were entirely redrawn between about 1090 and the 1170s, as the Norman political elite of England came to control each of them in turn. In Wales, Norman barons progressively took over Welsh territory in as a kind of private-enterprise expansion; in Ireland, private military interventions by the Norman elite from 1169 culminated in takeover by the king of England; in Scotland, Norman baronial involvement led to the remodelling of the kingdom and its takeover by Norman interests largely outside the ambit of the kings of England. Though the details varied considerably, the overall effect was that all parts of the British Isles came to be ruled by members of the same elite. The establishment of English-based domination of the British Isles remains central to British politics and culture.

By the middle of the eleventh century, the various nations of the British Isles were characterised by quite distinct cultures and political and economic systems and elites. Yet the relationships between the various nations were entirely redrawn between about 1090 and the 1170s, as the Norman political elite of England came to control each of them in turn. In Wales, Norman barons progressively took over Welsh territory in as a kind of private-enterprise expansion; in Ireland, private military interventions by the Norman elite from 1169 culminated in takeover by the king of England; in Scotland, Norman baronial involvement led to the remodelling of the kingdom and its takeover by Norman interests largely outside the ambit of the kings of England. Though the details varied considerably, the overall effect was that all parts of the British Isles came to be ruled by members of the same elite. The establishment of English-based domination of the British Isles remains central to British politics and culture.

The history of the First World War will be studied through consideration of the literature concerning its diplomatic origins, its nature as a military conflict, the social history of warfare, the nature of the home front, its impact on gender relations, its impact on the landscape, and its memorialisation and commemoration.