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Iron Age Europe witnessed the divergence of a ‘classical' Mediterranean world, whose culture included such features as states, towns, coinage and literacy, from a ‘barbarian' world to the north, where these features developed only much later, if at all. This module will examine the evidence for this period in Britain and Ireland: the adoption of new technologies, especially iron; changes in agricultural production; the social significance of food and drink; the construction of hillforts such as Maiden Castle and the sort of society who lived in them; the growth of more specialised systems of production and exchange. One important theme is the connection between Britain and the continent and the expanding power of the Roman Empire. There were important social transformations in the Late Iron Age, especially in southern England: key questions include the relative importance of indigenous factors and connections with Rome, and the extent of social and political evolution before the Roman conquest: how urban were sites such as Colchester and Silchester, which became important towns after the Roman conquest.

The historical memory of the West has always dissociated religion from the revolutionary ideal, from the Enlightenment principles that opposed it. From a Western perspective, Islam denoted tradition, while revolution represented change. However, in many Islamic societies, sociopolitical movements have been closely intertwined with Islam. From the 1979 Revolution in Iran to the Arab Spring of 2012, revolutionary movements were expressed in religious language. Therefore, revolution and change within an Islamic framework are not inherently contradictory.
This module discusses the crisis of identity that Islam is experiencing today by examining two different definitions of Islam:
Political Islam seeks to revive Islam's "golden age" by adhering to early Islamic principles and establishing states governed by Islamic law (e.g. al-Qaeda, ISIS, and the Taleban (in Afghanistan).
Reformist Islam aims to modernize Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and reform sharia law to meet contemporary needs. However, reformist Islam—whether rooted in theoretical arguments or practical realities—is frequently overshadowed by the prevailing notion that equates Islamism exclusively with militant jihadist groups.
Both political and reformist Islam challenge the traditional interpretations of Islam that prevailed until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The module examines these movements that manifest differently across diverse sociopolitical and historical contexts.

The historical memory of the West has always dissociated religion from the revolutionary ideal, from the Enlightenment principles that opposed it. From a Western perspective, Islam denoted tradition, while revolution represented change. However, in many Islamic societies, sociopolitical movements have been closely intertwined with Islam. From the 1979 Revolution in Iran to the Arab Spring of 2012, revolutionary movements were expressed in religious language. Therefore, revolution and change within an Islamic framework are not inherently contradictory.
This module discusses the crisis of identity that Islam is experiencing today by examining two different definitions of Islam:
Political Islam seeks to revive Islam's "golden age" by adhering to early Islamic principles and establishing states governed by Islamic law (e.g. al-Qaeda, ISIS, and the Taleban (in Afghanistan).
Reformist Islam aims to modernize Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and reform sharia law to meet contemporary needs. However, reformist Islam—whether rooted in theoretical arguments or practical realities—is frequently overshadowed by the prevailing notion that equates Islamism exclusively with militant jihadist groups.
Both political and reformist Islam challenge the traditional interpretations of Islam that prevailed until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The module examines these movements that manifest differently across diverse sociopolitical and historical contexts.

The historical memory of the West has always dissociated religion from the revolutionary ideal, from the Enlightenment principles that opposed it. From a Western perspective, Islam denoted tradition, while revolution represented change. However, in many Islamic societies, sociopolitical movements have been closely intertwined with Islam. From the 1979 Revolution in Iran to the Arab Spring of 2012, revolutionary movements were expressed in religious language. Therefore, revolution and change within an Islamic framework are not inherently contradictory.
This module discusses the crisis of identity that Islam is experiencing today by examining two different definitions of Islam:
Political Islam seeks to revive Islam's "golden age" by adhering to early Islamic principles and establishing states governed by Islamic law (e.g. al-Qaeda, ISIS, and the Taleban (in Afghanistan).
Reformist Islam aims to modernize Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and reform sharia law to meet contemporary needs. However, reformist Islam—whether rooted in theoretical arguments or practical realities—is frequently overshadowed by the prevailing notion that equates Islamism exclusively with militant jihadist groups.
Both political and reformist Islam challenge the traditional interpretations of Islam that prevailed until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The module examines these movements that manifest differently across diverse sociopolitical and historical contexts.

The module is designed to offer a comprehensive understanding of accounting, finance and governance of Islamic financial institutions and social financial services. This module will allow students to critically compare the ideal-ethical principles/theories and the practical implementation of Islamic banking, insurance and social financial institutions.

The module is designed to offer a comprehensive understanding of accounting, finance and governance of Islamic financial institutions and social financial services. This module will allow students to critically compare the ideal-ethical principles/theories and the practical implementation of Islamic banking, insurance and social financial institutions.

There is a growing demand for studying Islamic banking within a highly integrated global financial market. This module provides comprehensive insights over how Islamic finance operates and the structure of Islamic financial institutions in various national contexts.

There is a growing demand for studying Islamic banking within a highly integrated global financial market. This module provides comprehensive insights over how Islamic finance operates and the structure of Islamic financial institutions in various national contexts.

There is a rich and often overlooked tradition of Islamic philosophy, or 'falsafa'. This module focuses on the classical period of the Islamic Golden Age, from Al-Kindi, via Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna), to Ibn Rushd (also known as Averroes). The classical Islamic tradition played a central role in transmitting and transforming philosophical thought from the Ancient Greeks to the Early Moderns. Many distinctions familiar from the Early Modern tradition and not clearly present in Ancient Greek philosophy first started to take shape during this period, and Islamic philosophers made important contributions to topics such as the relation between the mind and the body, the distinction between essence and existence, arguments for the existence of God and concerning God’s nature, the metaphysical modalities of possibility, contingency, and necessity, and the nature of logic, science, religion, ethics, and philosophy itself.

The aim of this module is to introduce some of the central views and arguments of classical Islamic philosophy and to explore and critically assess them in light of recent philosophical commentary.

There is a rich and often overlooked tradition of Islamic philosophy, or 'falsafa'. This module focuses on the classical period of the Islamic Golden Age, from Al-Kindi, via Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna), to Ibn Rushd (also known as Averroes). The classical Islamic tradition played a central role in transmitting and transforming philosophical thought from the Ancient Greeks to the Early Moderns. Many distinctions familiar from the Early Modern tradition and not clearly present in Ancient Greek philosophy first started to take shape during this period, and Islamic philosophers made important contributions to topics such as the relation between the mind and the body, the distinction between essence and existence, arguments for the existence of God and concerning God’s nature, the metaphysical modalities of possibility, contingency, and necessity, and the nature of logic, science, religion, ethics, and philosophy itself.

The aim of this module is to introduce some of the central views and arguments of classical Islamic philosophy and to explore and critically assess them in light of recent philosophical commentary.