Oil Burns The Hands: Power, Politics and Petroleum in Iraq, 1900-1958

Learning Outcomes

Subject Specific Intellectual and Research Skills

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:

• Critically analyse different types of evidence for this theme
• Demonstrate awareness of scholarly trends and debates in the study of the middle east
• Assess how the trade in oil has impacted on societies, cultures and economies

Knowledge and Understanding

Having successfully completed this module, you will be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

• the emergence of the modern Middle East from the Ottoman Empire
• the role of oil in relations between imperial powers and oil-producing nations.

Transferable and Generic Skills

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:

• sift public as well as corporate archival material for evidence in support of an argument.
• apply a range of concepts such as energy security and “informal empire” in other historical contexts.

Oil shaped the borders of the new Middle East which emerged from the ruins of the Ottoman Empire in the years after 1918. This was certainly true of the British mandate of Iraq (1920), which became an independent Kingdom (1932) and eventually, at the close of our period, a Republic (1958). In this course we will focus on Iraq and on the Iraq Petroleum Company (established 1912), a consortium which brought together the companies we know as ExxonMobil, BP, Total and Shell. IPC's activities ranged beyond Iraq, however, and so we will also consider the development of oil in the neighbouring Persian Empire/Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf states.

At the centre of our discussions will be negotiations over the right to explore and exploit oil. How were royalties and other concession terms set? To what extent were the Great Powers, the oil companies and the oil-producing states able to cajole, coerce or co-opt each other? What was the relationship between these oily discussions and broader concerns, such as inter-ethnic relations within Iraq, the stability of the Iraqi regime and the balance of power between the UK and Russia (later, between the US and the Soviet Union)? Did the presence of oil prove a blessing or a curse to the wider development of Iraq and its neighbours?

Teaching and learning methods

Teaching methods include

Lectures

Seminars based on close reading of a series of different archival sources, providing various perspectives on a single negotiation or event

Learning activities include

Analysis of selected key readings in the historiography and, where appropriate, from other disciplines such as International Relations.

Preparatory reading and individual study

Individual participation in seminars

Engagement in role play and debate

Resources & Reading list

Textbooks

J. Crystal (1990). Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rules and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

F. Anscombe (1997). The Ottoman Gulf: the Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, 1871-1914. New York: Columbia.

Fiona Venn (1986). Oil Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Ervind Abrahamian (2008). A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge: CUP.

Madawi Al-Rasheed (2002). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

John A. DeNovo (1963). American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900-1939. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Geoffrey Jones (1981). The State and the Emergance of the British Oil Industry. London: Macmillan.

George Sweet Gibb, Evelyn H. Knowlton et al (1956-1971). History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) v. 2 The Resurgent Years 1911-1927 and v. 3 New Horizons 1927-50. New York: HarperCollins.

Joost Jonker and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2007). A History of Royal Dutch Shell v. 1 From Challenger to Joint Industry Leader, 1890-1939 and v. 2 Powering the Hydrocarbon Revolution 1939-73. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

James Bamberg (1994). The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928-54 v. 2 of The History of the British Petroleum Company. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ronald W. Ferrier (1982). The History of the British Petroleum Company Vol. 1 The developing years, 1901-1932. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Feroz Ahmad (1993). The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge.

M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Gregory P. Nowell (1995). Mercantile States and the World Oil Cartel, 1900–1939. Ithaca: NY.

Marian Kent (1976). Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil 1900-1920. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Daniel Yergin (1991). The Prize: the epic quest or oil, money and power. New York: Free Press.

Irvine H. Anderson (1981). ARAMCO, the United States and Saudi Arabia: a study of the dynamics of foreign oil policy, 1933-1950. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

George Philip (1994). The Political Economy of International Oil. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Peter Sluglett (2007). Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country. London: I. B. Tauris.

Summative

This is how we’ll formally assess what you have learned in this module.

Referral

This is how we’ll assess you if you don’t meet the criteria to pass this module.

Repeat

An internal repeat is where you take all of your modules again, including any you passed. An external repeat is where you only re-take the modules you failed.

Repeat Information

Repeat type: Internal & External